Dr Xiaoyun Si, Medical Ph.D. & M.D.
Chief physician, Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (GMU)
EMBARKING on our exploration of cardiovascular health, we delve into the intricate world of congenital heart disease (CHD), a condition present at birth that can manifest in various forms. Ranging from inconspicuous irregularities to life-threatening complications, CHD encompasses a spectrum of challenges. In this discourse, we will unravel the causes, types, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments of congenital heart disease, offering a comprehensive understanding from a medical standpoint.
Causes:
CHD stems from developmental anomalies in the fetus’s cardiac structure or function. These defects disrupt the normal blood flow through the heart, potentially impacting respiratory processes. While the precise reasons for improper heart development remain elusive, researchers attribute congenital heart disease to a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, and underlying maternal health conditions.
Types of Heart Disease:
Broadly categorized into Cyanotic and Acyanotic congenital heart disease, these conditions share a commonality—inefficient blood pumping by the heart. The differentiating factor lies in the oxygen levels in the blood. Cyanotic CHD results in low oxygen levels, leading to symptoms like breathlessness and a bluish tint to the skin. In contrast, acyanotic CHD does not cause such oxygen deprivation, though complications such as high blood pressure may emerge later in life.
Clinical Symptoms:
The symptoms of CHD vary based on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may exhibit no discernible symptoms, while severe cases can present with manifestations such as heart murmurs, breathlessness, or skin discoloration.
Diagnosis:
Detection of CHD often occurs during routine pregnancy ultrasounds. If irregular heartbeats are detected, further diagnostic tests such as echocardiograms, chest X-rays, or MRI scans may be conducted to assess the extent of the issue.
Treatments:
Treatment strategies for CHD vary based on the type and severity of the condition. Mild defects may resolve naturally over time, while more severe cases may necessitate interventions such as open-heart surgery or catheter procedures to enhance cardiac function.
Prevention:
While the direct causes of CHD remain unclear, certain risk factors are associated with a mother’s nutrition and lifestyle during pregnancy. Avoiding toxic substances, maintaining a healthy diet, and adopting a regular lifestyle can contribute to prevention. Regular antenatal checkups play a crucial role in early detection, enabling timely medical interventions.
Summary:
CHD ranks among the most common infant and childhood congenital conditions, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Prevention, through prenatal care and a healthy pregnancy lifestyle, mitigates risks. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including rehabilitation, are pivotal for ensuring the best quality of life and heart health. Seeking timely advice from healthcare professionals is crucial for optimal patient care.
In conclusion, a deeper understanding of congenital heart disease empowers individuals to take proactive measures, fostering a healthier future for the generations to come.
（Translated by HUANG BAILIN, International Office, Guizhou Medical University）
